•
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
• Regulates the activity of the cortex of the
adrenal gland
•
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
•
Stimulates production and release of thyroid
hormone
•
GH (growth hormone)
•
Stimulates growth of bones, cartilage, muscle
•
Timing and amount released determines body size
•
PRL (prolactin)
•
Stimulates breast development
•
Promotes and maintains lactation after
childbirth
•
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
•
Causes formation of ovarian follicles and
stimulates them to produce estrogen
•
Stimulates sperm development in men
•
LH (luteinizing hormone)
•
Initiates ovulation, maintains corpus luteum
•
Regulates testosterone production in males
•
ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
•
Reduces urine output by increasing water
reabsorption in the kidney
•
Plays small role in blood pressure regulation
•
Oxytocin
•
Causes uterine contractions in labor
•
Causes milk let down in lactating mothers
•
Thyroid Hormone
•
Regulates metabolic rate of the entire body
•
Important in development of the nervous system
•
Calcitonin
•
Decreases bone reabsorption, lowering serum
calcium levels
•
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
•
Increases serum calcium
•
Decreases serum phosphorus
•
Insulin
•
Released in response to high blood sugar
•
Increases cellular absorption of glucose
•
Increases rate of lipogenesis and formation of
glycogen in the liver
•
Glucagon
•
Released in response to low blood sugar
•
Increases rate of gluconeogenesis (formation of
sugar from fat and protein)
•
Increases lipolysis and glycogenolysis
•
Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
•
Fight or flight response
•
Increase heart rate, increase skeletal muscle
blood flow, decrease skin blood flow
•
Glucocorticoids (Cortisone)
•
Released in response to stress
•
Increases formation of glucose from protein and
fat breakdown
•
Decreases inflammation
•
Aldosterone
•
Increases blood volume by causing kidneys to
retain sodium (where sodium goes water goes too) in exchange for potassium
•
Increased blood volume will increase blood
pressure
•
Androgens
•
Initiates pubertal changes
•
Precursors to estrogen in postmenopausal women
•
Melatonin
•
Involved in circadian rhythms
•
Day ¯
melatonin, Night
melatonin
•
Produces sleepiness
•
Erythropoietin
•
Stimulates RBC production
•
Calcitriol
•
Stimulates calcium and phosphate absorption
•
Stimulates calcium release from bone
•
Inhibits PTH secretion
Diabetes
•
Type 1: Insulin Dependent Diabetes
•
AKA: juvenile diabetes
•
Caused by a lack of insulin
•
Autoimmune disorder
•
Immune system destroys beta cells in the
pancreas
•
Type 2: Non-Insulin Dependent
•
Caused by an insensitivity of cells to insulin.
•
Diabetes mellitus marked by hyperglycemia
•
urine production (polyuria)
•
thirst (polydipsia)
•
eating (polyphagia)
Diagnosing Diabetes
Mellitus
•
Normal blood glucose levels: 70-100 mg/dl
•
Diabetes mellitus:
•
A fasting glucose level above 140 mg/dl on two
separate occasions, or
•
A blood sugar over 200 mg/dl 2 hours after oral
glucose tolerance test with 75gm of glucose
•
Impaired Glucose Tolerance (Pre-Diabetes)
•
A fasting glucose level between 100-126 mg/dl on
two separate occasions, or
•
A blood sugar between 140-200 mg/dl 2 hours
after oral glucose tolerance test with 75gm of glucose
