Hormone Functions

•          ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

•         Regulates the activity of the cortex of the adrenal gland

•          TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

•          Stimulates production and release of thyroid hormone

•          GH (growth hormone)

•          Stimulates growth of bones, cartilage, muscle

•          Timing and amount released determines body size

•          PRL (prolactin)

•          Stimulates breast development

•          Promotes and maintains lactation after childbirth

•          FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

•          Causes formation of ovarian follicles and stimulates them to produce estrogen

•          Stimulates sperm development in men

•          LH (luteinizing hormone)

•          Initiates ovulation, maintains corpus luteum

•          Regulates testosterone production in males

•          ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

•          Reduces urine output by increasing water reabsorption in the kidney

•          Plays small role in blood pressure regulation

•          Oxytocin

•          Causes uterine contractions in labor

•          Causes milk let down in lactating mothers

•          Thyroid Hormone

•          Regulates metabolic rate of the entire body

•          Important in development of the nervous system

•          Calcitonin

•          Decreases bone reabsorption, lowering serum calcium levels

•          PTH (parathyroid hormone)

•          Increases serum calcium

•          Decreases serum phosphorus

•          Insulin

•          Released in response to high blood sugar

•          Increases cellular absorption of glucose

•          Increases rate of lipogenesis and formation of glycogen in the liver

•          Glucagon

•          Released in response to low blood sugar

•          Increases rate of gluconeogenesis (formation of sugar from fat and protein)

•          Increases lipolysis and glycogenolysis

•          Epinephrine & Norepinephrine

•          Fight or flight response

•          Increase heart rate, increase skeletal muscle blood flow, decrease skin blood flow

•          Glucocorticoids (Cortisone)

•          Released in response to stress

•          Increases formation of glucose from protein and fat breakdown

•          Decreases inflammation

•          Aldosterone

•          Increases blood volume by causing kidneys to retain sodium (where sodium    goes water goes too) in exchange for potassium

•          Increased blood volume will increase blood pressure

•          Androgens

•          Initiates pubertal changes

•          Precursors to estrogen in postmenopausal women

•          Melatonin

•          Involved in circadian rhythms

•          Day ¯ melatonin, Night ­ melatonin

•          Produces sleepiness

•          Erythropoietin

•          Stimulates RBC production

•          Calcitriol

•          Stimulates calcium and phosphate absorption

•          Stimulates calcium release from bone

•          Inhibits PTH secretion

Diabetes

•          Type 1: Insulin Dependent Diabetes

•          AKA: juvenile diabetes

•          Caused by a lack of insulin

•          Autoimmune disorder

•          Immune system destroys beta cells in the pancreas

•          Type 2: Non-Insulin Dependent

•          Caused by an insensitivity of cells to insulin.

•          Diabetes mellitus marked by hyperglycemia

•          ­ urine production (polyuria)

•          ­ thirst (polydipsia)

•          ­ eating (polyphagia)

Diagnosing Diabetes Mellitus

•          Normal blood glucose levels: 70-100 mg/dl

•          Diabetes mellitus:

•          A fasting glucose level above 140 mg/dl on two separate occasions, or

•          A blood sugar over 200 mg/dl 2 hours after oral glucose tolerance test with    75gm of glucose

•          Impaired Glucose Tolerance (Pre-Diabetes)

•          A fasting glucose level between 100-126 mg/dl on two separate occasions,      or

•          A blood sugar between 140-200 mg/dl 2 hours after oral glucose tolerance      test with 75gm of glucose